タンパク成分の世界市場2016-2022

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface
2.1 Abstract
2.2 Stake Holders
2.3 Research Scope
2.4 Research Methodology
2.4.1 Data Mining
2.4.2 Data Analysis
2.4.3 Data Validation
2.4.4 Research Approach
2.5 Research Sources
2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Drivers
3.3 Restraints
3.4 Opportunities
3.5 Threats
3.6 Application Analysis
3.7 Emerging Markets
3.8 Futuristic Market Scenario

4 Porters Five Force Analysis
4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
4.3 Threat of substitutes
4.4 Threat of new entrants
4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Protein Ingredients Market, By Source
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Egg Protein
5.3 Plant Source
5.3.1 Soy Protein
5.3.1.1 Canola Protein Ingredients
5.3.1.2 Pea Protein Ingredients
5.3.1.3 Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC)
5.3.1.4 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI)
5.3.1.5 Textured Soy Protein (TSP)
5.3.1.6 Other Soy Proteins
5.3.2 Wheat Protein
5.3.3 Vegetable Protein
5.3.3.1 Pea Protein
5.3.3.2 Other Vegetable Proteins
5.4 Animal Source
5.4.1 Dairy Protein
5.4.1.1 Casein & Caseinates
5.4.1.2 Egg Protein
5.4.1.3 Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC)
5.4.1.4 Whey Protein Concentrates
5.4.1.5 Whey Protein Hydrolysates
5.4.1.6 Whey Protein Isolates
5.5 Gelatin

6 Global Protein Ingredients Market, By Application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bakery & Confectionary
6.3 Dairy Replacement
6.4 Food & Beverage
6.5 Infant Foods
6.6 Personal care & cosmetics
6.7 Animal Feed
6.7.1 Pet food
6.7.2 Aquaculture
6.7.3 Other Animal Feeds
6.8 Cosmetics & Personal Care
6.9 Functional Foods
6.10 Meat Alternatives
6.11 Pharmaceuticals

7 Global Protein Ingredients Market, By Geography
7.1 North America
7.1.1 US
7.1.2 Canada
7.1.3 Mexico
7.2 Europe
7.2.1 Germany
7.2.2 France
7.2.3 Italy
7.2.4 UK
7.2.5 Spain
7.2.6 Rest of Europe
7.3 Asia Pacific
7.3.1 Japan
7.3.2 China
7.3.3 India
7.3.4 Australia
7.3.5 New Zealand
7.3.6 Rest of Asia Pacific
7.4 Rest of the World
7.4.1 Middle East
7.4.2 Brazil
7.4.3 Argentina
7.4.4 South Africa
7.4.5 Egypt

8 Key Developments
8.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
8.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
8.3 New Product Launch
8.4 Expansions
8.5 Other Key Strategies

9 Company Profiling
9.1 Amco Proteins
9.2 Archer Daniels Midland Company
9.3 Cargill, Incorporated
9.4 Devansoy Inc.
9.5 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours amd Company
9.6 Finnsoy
9.7 Gushen Biological Technology Group Co. Ltd
9.8 Hilmar Ingredients
9.9 Kerry Group Plc
9.10 Omega Protein Corporation
9.11 Sakthi Sugars Ltd
9.12 Sinoglory
9.13 Solae LLC
9.14 Unitechem Co. Ltd
9.15 Vippy Industries Ltd

List of Tables
Table 1 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Region (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 2 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 3 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 4 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Plant Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 5 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 6 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Canola Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 7 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 8 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 9 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 10 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Textured Soy Protein (TSP) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 11 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Soy Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 12 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Wheat Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 13 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Vegetable Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 14 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 15 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Vegetable Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 16 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 17 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 18 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Casein & Caseinates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 19 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 20 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 21 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Concentrates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 22 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Hydrolysates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 23 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Isolates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 24 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Gelatin (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 25 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Application (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 26 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Bakery & Confectionary (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 27 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Replacement (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 28 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 29 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Infant Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 30 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Personal care & cosmetics (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 31 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 32 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pet food (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 33 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Aquaculture (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 34 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Animal Feeds (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 35 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Cosmetics & Personal Care (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 36 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Functional Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 37 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Meat Alternatives (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 38 Global Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 39 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Country (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 40 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 41 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 42 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Plant Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 43 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 44 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Canola Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 45 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 46 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 47 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 48 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Textured Soy Protein (TSP) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 49 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Soy Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 50 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Wheat Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 51 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Vegetable Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 52 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 53 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Vegetable Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 54 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 55 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 56 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Casein & Caseinates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 57 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 58 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 59 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Concentrates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 60 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Hydrolysates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 61 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Isolates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 62 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Gelatin (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 63 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Application (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 64 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Bakery & Confectionary (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 65 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Replacement (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 66 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 67 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Infant Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 68 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Personal care & cosmetics (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 69 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 70 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pet food (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 71 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Aquaculture (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 72 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Animal Feeds (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 73 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Cosmetics & Personal Care (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 74 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Functional Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 75 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Meat Alternatives (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 76 North America Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 77 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Country (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 78 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 79 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 80 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Plant Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 81 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 82 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Canola Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 83 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 84 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 85 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 86 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Textured Soy Protein (TSP) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 87 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Soy Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 88 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Wheat Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 89 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Vegetable Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 90 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 91 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Vegetable Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 92 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 93 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 94 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Casein & Caseinates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 95 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 96 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 97 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Concentrates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 98 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Hydrolysates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 99 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Isolates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 100 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Gelatin (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 101 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Application (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 102 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Bakery & Confectionary (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 103 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Replacement (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 104 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 105 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Infant Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 106 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Personal care & cosmetics (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 107 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 108 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pet food (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 109 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Aquaculture (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 110 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Animal Feeds (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 111 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Cosmetics & Personal Care (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 112 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Functional Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 113 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Meat Alternatives (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 114 Europe Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 115 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Country (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 116 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 117 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 118 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Plant Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 119 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 120 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Canola Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 121 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 122 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 123 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 124 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Textured Soy Protein (TSP) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 125 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Soy Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 126 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Wheat Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 127 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Vegetable Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 128 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 129 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Vegetable Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 130 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 131 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 132 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Casein & Caseinates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 133 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 134 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 135 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Concentrates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 136 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Hydrolysates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 137 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Isolates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 138 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Gelatin (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 139 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Application (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 140 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Bakery & Confectionary (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 141 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Replacement (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 142 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 143 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Infant Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 144 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Personal care & cosmetics (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 145 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 146 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pet food (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 147 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Aquaculture (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 148 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Animal Feeds (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 149 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Cosmetics & Personal Care (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 150 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Functional Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 151 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Meat Alternatives (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 152 Asia Pacific Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 153 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Country (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 154 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 155 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 156 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Plant Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 157 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 158 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Canola Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 159 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein Ingredients (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 160 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Concentrates (SPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 161 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 162 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Textured Soy Protein (TSP) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 163 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Soy Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 164 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Wheat Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 165 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Vegetable Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 166 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pea Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 167 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Vegetable Proteins (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 168 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Source (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 169 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 170 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Casein & Caseinates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 171 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Egg Protein (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 172 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC) (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 173 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Concentrates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 174 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Hydrolysates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 175 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Whey Protein Isolates (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 176 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Gelatin (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 177 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Application (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 178 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Bakery & Confectionary (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 179 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Dairy Replacement (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 180 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Food & Beverage (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 181 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Infant Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 182 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Personal care & cosmetics (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 183 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Animal Feed (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 184 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pet food (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 185 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Aquaculture (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 186 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Other Animal Feeds (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 187 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Cosmetics & Personal Care (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 188 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Functional Foods (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 189 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Meat Alternatives (2013-2022) ($MN)
Table 190 RoW Protein Ingredients Market Outlook, By Pharmaceuticals (2013-2022) ($MN)